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<title>Transpression</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transpression</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <b>transpression</b> is a type of <a href="Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip</a> deformation that deviates from simple shear because of a simultaneous component of shortening perpendicular to the fault plane. This movement ends up resulting in oblique shear. It is generally very unlikely that a deforming body will experience "pure" shortening or "pure" strike-slip. The relative amounts of shortening and strike-slip can be expressed in the convergence angle alpha which ranges from zero (ideal strike-slip) to 90 degrees (ideal convergence). During shortening, unless material is lost, transpression produces vertical thickening in the crust. Transpression that occurs on a regional scale along <a href="Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">plate boundaries</a> is characterized by oblique convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More locally, transpression occurs within restraining bends in strike-slip <a href="Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault zones</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transpressional_structures">Transpressional structures</h2></div>

<p>Transpressional shear zones are characterized by an association of structures that suggest zone-normal shortening and zone-parallel shearing. Commonly developed features include transposition foliations, lineations, <a href="Stylolite" title="Stylolite">stylolites</a>, <a href="Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">folds</a>, and <a href="Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">reverse faults</a>. Pure shear-dominated transpression usually gives steep lineations, while simple shear-dominated transpression favors horizontal lineations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common for non-vertical transpressional zones to have a significant component of shearing parallel to the dipline of the zone boundary. In these zones, the lineations are between horizontal and vertical. The complete geometry presented by all structural elements in the zone is used to constrain the actual boundary displacements.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restraining_bend">Restraining bend</h2></div>

<p>A fault bend, or <a href="Fault_stepover" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault stepover">fault stepover</a>, forms when individual segments of the fault overlap and link together. The type of structures which form along the strike-slip fault depend on the sense of slip relative to the sense of stepping. When a <a href="Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">sinistral</a> fault steps to the right or a <a href="Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">dextral</a> fault steps to the left, a restraining bend is formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologists may also refer to a restraining bend as a <b>left bend</b>. These are areas of positive relief (topographic uplift), crustal shortening, and exhumation of crystalline basement. As seen in deeply eroded outcrop exposures or from subsurface <a href="Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">geophysical surveys</a>, restraining bends commonly define <a href="Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">positive flower structures</a>. In plan view we see them form contractional <a href="Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">strike-slip duplexes</a>, subparallel reverse or oblique-slip contractional faults that are bounded by two strike-slip segments. Restraining bends are widespread on the Earth's surface, from sub-outcrop-scale examples to large scale mountain ranges. They have been theorized to occur on extraterrestrial bodies, like Jupiter's icy moon <a href="Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> and on <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transpressional_regions">Transpressional regions</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> (Western Mongolia and Southern Siberia, Russia)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Western <a href="Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian</a> Subduction Zone<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Gobi Altai (Mongolia)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>"Big Bend" of the <a href="San_Andreas_Fault_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andreas Fault Zone">San Andreas Fault Zone</a>, (California, USA)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a> in New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Galeh–Doz pluton (Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Iran)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtension" title="Transtension">Transtension</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDeweyHoldsworthStrachan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dewey, J. F.; Holdsworth, R. E.; Strachan, R. A. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/135/1/1">"Transpression and transtension zones"</a>. <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>135</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998GSLSP.135....1D">1998GSLSP.135....1D</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.519.2389">10.1.1.519.2389</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1998.135.01.01">10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.135.01.01</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-8719">0305-8719</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFossen2010" class="citation book cs1">Fossen, Haakon (2010). <i>Structural Geology – Cambridge Books Online – Cambridge University Press</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511777806">10.1017/cbo9780511777806</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780511777806</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamMann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, W. D.; Mann, P. (2007). "Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends". <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>290</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GSLSP.290....1C">2007GSLSP.290....1C</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.560.8865">10.1.1.560.8865</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP290.1">10.1144/SP290.1</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamWindleyDorjnamjaaBadamgarov1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, W. Dickson; Windley, Brian F.; Dorjnamjaa, D.; Badamgarov, G.; Saandar, M. (1996-02-01). "A structural transect across the Mongolian Western Altai: Active transpressional mountain building in central Asia". <i>Tectonics</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>156. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Tecto..15..142D">1996Tecto..15..142D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F95TC02354">10.1029/95TC02354</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9194">1944-9194</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRyanScholl1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Holly F.; Scholl, David W. (1989-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1231454">"The evolution of forearc structures along an oblique convergent margin, central Aleutian Arc"</a>. <i>Tectonics</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">497–</span>516. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Tecto...8..497R">1989Tecto...8..497R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FTC008i003p00497">10.1029/TC008i003p00497</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9194">1944-9194</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamWindleyDorjnamjaaBadamgarov1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, W. Dickson; Windley, Brian F.; Dorjnamjaa, D.; Badamgarov, J.; Saandar, M. (1996-05-01). "Late Cenozoic transpression in southwestern Mongolia and the Gobi Altai-Tien Shan connection". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>140</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>81. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996E&PSL.140...67C">1996E&PSL.140...67C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900048-9">10.1016/0012-821X(96)00048-9</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMountSuppe1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mount, Van S.; Suppe, John (1987). "State of stress near the San Andreas fault: Implications for wrench tectonics". <i>Geology</i>. <b>15</b> (12): 1143. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Geo....15.1143M">1987Geo....15.1143M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281987%2915%3C1143%3Asosnts%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<1143:sosnts>2.0.co;2</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNorrisCooper1997" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, Richard J.; Cooper, Alan F. (1997-10-01). "Erosional control on the structural evolution of a transpressional thrust complex on the Alpine fault, New Zealand". <i>Journal of Structural Geology</i>. <b>19</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1323–</span>1342. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JSG....19.1323N">1997JSG....19.1323N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-8141%2897%2900036-9">10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00036-9</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMohajjelFergusson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mohajjel, Mohammad; Fergusson, Christopher L (2000-08-01). "Dextral transpression in Late Cretaceous continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran". <i>Journal of Structural Geology</i>. <b>22</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1125–</span>1139. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JSG....22.1125M">2000JSG....22.1125M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-8141%2800%2900023-7">10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00023-7</a>.</cite></span>

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